Seed dispersal in the landscape is simulated spatially explicit, and, in conjunction with a phenology-based establishment model, determines tree regeneration and species distribution. growth, mortality, and regeneration of trees. ILand is conceived as a process-based model of the primary demographic processes in forest ecosystems, i.e. This scalability is achieved by (i) employing a pattern-based rendering of ecological field theory to efficiently model spatially explicit resource availability at the landscape scale, and by (ii) integrating local resource competition and physiological resource use via a hierarchical multi-scale framework. ILand explicit simulates the principal adaptive agents in forest ecosystems, i.e., individual trees, over large areas. To that end we have developed a simulation model of forest ecosystem dynamics at landscape scales, the individual-based forest landscape and disturbance model iLand. In order to assess how climate change - which affects a variety of these processes - will impact ecosystems, and to sustainably manage these complex systems, we need to consider these multiple interactions among processes and scales. Processes at multiple scales, from organs of individual trees (e.g., photosynthesis) to the landscape (e.g., wildfire) interact to form diverse and resilient ecosystems. Their dynamics emerges from nonlinear interactions between adaptive biotic agents (i.e., individual trees) and their relationship with a spatially and temporally heterogeneous abiotic environment. Understanding the trajectories and sensitivities of forest ecosystems is thus crucial for sustaining the planets life-support system, and for a transformation towards a sustainable, carbon-neutral society.įorest ecosystems are complex adaptive systems. However, many of these crucial ecosystem functions and services are severely threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Call (818) 832-2310 now to speak with one of our friendly staff members.Forests ecosystems cover roughly 30% of the global land area, store approximately three times more carbon than the earths’ atmosphere, are hotspots of biodiversity, and provided a multitude of ecosystem services to society. Performing this task ensures that spammers do not take over your computer and turn it into one of the millions of zombies doing their bidding. Who are these top-notch anti-virus bureaus? You may know them: ClamAV, F-Prot, Sophos and ESET. As viruses mutate, our service updates its definitions on a five-minute interval from top-notch anti-virus bureaus to thwart any fresh variants wishing to do you harm. Attachments are recursively decoded to expose any buried viruses and all virus-laden email messages are expunged. More »Įach email routed through our system is scanned thoroughly for any malicious code that may be present. MailRoute acheives an extremely low false-positive rate - 1 in 250,000 messages. Since email is blocked at the Internet gateway, users no longer have to sort through and delete spam email in their inboxes. This processing takes place outside your network, reducing your traffic and email server processing loads. MailRoute's spam-filtering service passes all email through a multi-layered spam filtering system that identifies up to 95% of inbound spam.
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